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The Western Mesopotamian Derived Time System In Contrast To The Precolonial Hindu (Vedic)
Time System Brought Together As Natural By A Physics Theory For Aspects Of Reality And
Ancient Aliens Are Suggested!
By!
Ian Beardsley!
Copyright © 2024 by Ian Beardsley"
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Important To Point Out
You can speak of the structure of the solar system even though it changes with time. This is
important to understand when I refer to sizes of the Moon and the planets, and their orbital
distances.
The whole object of developing a theory for the way planetary systems form is that they meet the
following criterion: They predict the Titius-Bode rule for the distribution of the planets; the
distribution gives the planetary orbital periods from Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. The
distribution of the planets is chiefly predicted by three factors: The inward forces of gravity from
the parent star, the outward pressure gradient from the stellar production of radiation, and the
outward inertial forces as a cloud collapses into a flat disc around the central star. These forces
separate the flat disc into rings, agglomerations of material, each ring from which a different
planet forms at its central distance from the star (it has a thickness). In a theory of planetary
formation from a primordial disc, it should predict the Titius-Bode rule for the distribution of
planets today, which was the distribution of the rings from which the planets formed.
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Contents
Abstract………………………………………………………………………….4
Introduction……………………………………………………………………..5
The Ancient Vedic System Of Measuring Time…………………………..6
A Theory For Reality With A Base Unit Of A Second…………………….7
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………15
Ancient Aliens……………………………………………………………………17
Biological Life Part of a Universal
Natural Process In The Universe.34
The Solar Formulation For The Solution Of
The Wave Equation…………………………………………………………….41
Wave Solutions For Jupiter And Saturn.50
Modeling Habitable Star Systems55
Appendix 1…………………………………………………………………………61
Appendix 2: The Data For Verifying The Equations…………………….63
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Abstract
I have a theory for reality that solves the proton of atoms and the solar system as a habitable
planetary system and the basic structure of biological chemistry. It is based on the unit of a
second as the base unit and as a natural constant. This is peculiar because the second comes
to us from the Ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia who could not have known of modern
physics and astronomy. However, I now look at the precolonial Hindu Vedic system for
measuring time and find it is just as intriguing, and my theory has equations that bridge the
two. They could not have known about modern physics either. I take a look at ancient aliens,
and find perhaps a trace of their presence in the development of our astronomy since ancient
times. There is an eort in India to return to the old system before the British Colonization, and
they suggest their ancient system might be more well suited to modern science, however my
physical theory of reality suggests both systems are important and that both are founded on
Nature."
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Introduction
I came up with a physical theory for certain aspects of reality that showed that our solar system
had a wave equation solution, where the wave equation was developed for describing atomic
systems, among other things, and is at the heart of quantum physics, the modern physics that
describes thing on the micro-scale and our planetary system is on the macro-scale. I found it
was based on the Moon that orbits the Earth, which seems to be some kind of a natural
yardstick, and was further based on the unit of a second for measuring time as the base unit,
which I found turns out to be some kind of a natural constant. This natural constant of a
second also, in the theory, predicts the radius of a proton, the fundamental unit of the atom,
and as such a gap is bridged between the microcosmos and the macrocosmos. Further it
resulted in a description of the hydrocarbons, which are the backbones of the chemistry of life.
Bringing in the biological like this makes it the rudiments of a theory of everything,!
The interesting thing is, though, that the second was not designed, originally, as a natural
constant, but came to us ultimately from the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who were
some of the first to settle down from hunting with stone spearpoints to invent agriculture,
mathematics, writing, metallurgy, architecture… to invent civilization.!
The idea was to divide the day into twelve hours, and measure each hour by the position of the
Sun in the sky, as measured by the shadow cast by a rod onto a plate with lines to measure the
time of day. They chose twelve hours in a day because 12 is the smallest abundant number,
which is to say it is evenly divisible by 1,2,3,4,6 whose sum is 16 which is greater than twelve. !
Their counting system was base 60 (sexagesimal) which means they started counting again
after counting to 60 where our system is base 10 (decimal) which mean we start counting again
after 10. They chose base 60 because sixty, aside from being an abundant number — its
divisors add up to a value greater than it, it is the first number divisible by the first 6 counting
numbers, 1,2,3,4,5,6 aside from being evenly divisible by 10,12,15,30.!
This lead to the ancient Babylonians dividing the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60
seconds. This in the end lead to the ancient Greeks using it for astronomy, and the Italians to in
the Middle Ages build the first clocks with hours, minutes, and, seconds. In the end they gave
us our clocks and they way we measure time in the West, today. The ancient Egyptians,
separately and independently invented civilization from the Sumerians, but were never invaded
by tribes, like in Sumer, who stayed and adopted their math and writing, but rather were
isolated by desert, ocean, and forests, so as not to spread their invention of Mathematics,
writing, and architecture to the rest of the world, at least until they and the ancient Greeks
interacted and shared knowledges in several exchanges where ancient Greek scholars
wandered into Egypt. But, the ancient Egyptians also divided the day into 12 hours and
invented sun dials to tell time as such. However, we got the 12 hour day, or 24 hour day from
sunrise to sunrise and sunset to sunset, from the ancient Sumerians.!
However, myself, having been born in the West I was more aware of Sumer and Egypt, than
India, and indeed while Sumer and Egypt started civilizations, so did the people who brought it
to India, to the Dravidians, and the idea of transmigration of the soul who were from its
outskirts, who brought it from the Indus Valley where the rivers were, they were the Indus Valley
Civilization, just as old as Sumer and Egypt. It would seem civilizations always started along
rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, and the Nile in Egypt.!
However, after having looked at my theory for reality in terms of the base 60 of Sumer that gave
us the second, and how its dynamics could have coincided with modern physics, and
suggesting that it was given to them by ancient Aliens, because they said they got their
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knowledge from those who came from the heavens, the Anunaki, I began to look at the system
that ancient India used to measure time, and I found that they used base 60 as well, but in a
very reversed way from what we got from Mesopotamia, the Babylonians, and ancient Greeks.
And, I found further, that their system of base 60 describes certain aspect of Nature as well.!
The Ancient Vedic System Of Measuring Time
Before the colonization of India by the British, another system of measuring time from ancient
times was used, and it was called the Bharat Clock. There are eorts in India today to return to
this, and they suggest for contemporary physics it serves better, as well as it is more ecient
for productivity in the work force. Further still they explain that it is based on Natural
Phenomenon in the Universe, and that in the method of the West, it is not. I would take issue
with that not just because my theory for reality shows the Mesopotamian system gives us the
unit of a second in planetary systems, atomic systems, and biological systems, which they
could not know about, but because it does have an elegance that works well for the the
periods of celestial motions, and has since its inception, though I can see advantages in their
system as well.!
The Hindu system is quite inverted from ours, but my theory of physical reality shows the two
systems are profoundly connected in a way that can be quite revealing. We measure the year
as 365.25 days which is close to the 360 degrees in a circle. As such the Earth moves around
the Sun in its orbit through neatly about 1 degree per day. The Sumerians gave us the 360
degrees circle, because in their base 60 counting 6 times 60 is 360, and 6 is the most dynamic
number, a six-sided regular polygon has its radii equal to its sides, which mathematically has
many advantages for solving problems. It occurs in Nature as the closest packing of equal
radius spheres, the so so called six around one, typical in Nature of petal arrangements around
a center in a flower, and 6-fold symmetry is typical of the physical, like snowflakes forming six-
points as ice crystals fall through cold air. 5-fold symmetry is typical of life, like two eyes and
nose and a mouth, or two arms, two legs, and a head.!
The Earth then rotates close to 360 times in a year, close to the time for it to complete an orbit
around the Sun. Each rotation is a day, and from the Sumerians we divided that day into 24
hours. 60 divided by 24 is 2.5 and as it would turn out 2.5 is the factor than connects the Hindu
system to the Western system. As we shall see, my theory finds this factor in a pivotal factor of
Nature. Let’s look at our system and theirs. We have!
(365.25 days)(24 hours)(60 minutes)(60 seconds)=31557600 seconds/year!
And the seconds in a day are!
(24 hours)(60 minutes)(60 seconds)=86400 seconds/day!
Thus we divide the hour into 60 minutes, and the minutes into 60 seconds. The Hindu Vedic
System has a day is 60 ghatika of 24 minutes each, each ghatika is divided into 60 palas of 24
seconds each, and each pala is divided into 60 vispalas, each vispala of 0.4 seconds each. So
where our system has a base unit of 1 second, theirs has a base unit of 0.4 seconds, so that
could be and advantage to their system, a smaller unit of time is more refined. Further their day
is divided into 60 units, ours into only 24, so their hour, the ghatika is only 24 minutes long, and
ours is 60 minutes long, The proponents in India say since when working and doing chores we
do a few chores in an hour, they do about one per ghatika is 24 minutes, which makes the
measure of time more manageable. That could be an advantage I think. They say our hour is so
long because the lines had to be far apart on the Egyptian Sun Dial so the shadow cast by the
Sun didn’t cross-over onto another line. But today, with modern technology we can make clock
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lines marking hours closer together and measure them with a pointer hand pointing to them
without any problems, and the result is we have would have a smaller more refined hour (60 of
them in a day as opposed to 24). They suggest this method of measuring time would work
better in science and engineering as well, that we have to get away from the way sun dials had
to be made in Egypt in ancient times.!
But they further point out that their system describes Nature. They say theirs are 108,000
vispalas in a day, and 108,000 vispalas in a night giving 216,000 vispalas in a 24 hour day. The
diameter of the Sun is 108 that of the Earth, and the average distance from the Sun to the
Earth is 108 solar diameters, and the average distance from the Moon to Earth is 108 lunar
diameters. 108(10)(10)(10)=108,000. Ourselves and them use base 10 counting, and that is
probably because we have ten fingers to count on.!
A Theory For Reality With A Base Unit Of A Second
So it is at this point that I would like to go into my theory of reality that shows the second is a
base unit and a natural constant as well. In the Bharat Clock they don’t use the second, their
base unit is 0.4 seconds.!
The second I found is the base unit of the orbital dynamics of the solar system. I found I could
create three operators, one that acts on the radius of the proton to its mass, and the other that
acts on the radius of the Sun to its mass, and one that acts on angular momentum to speed.
is Planck’s constant, is the universal constant of gravitation, is the speed of light, is the
fine structure constant, is the radius of a proton, is the mass of a proton, is the mass
of the Moon, is its radius, and the EarthDay is the rotation period of the Earth:!
1)
2)
3)
They seem to suggest that the Earth orbit might by quantized in terms of the Moon and a base
unit of one second.
We say there is a Planck constant for the solar system. We do it with a base unit of one second
because equations 1 and 2 suggest we should . We suggest it is such that it is given by the
standard Planck constant for the atom, , times some constant, , and the Kinetic energy of the
Earth.
4)
5)
h
G
c
r
p
m
p
M
m
R
m
(
1
6α
2
4πh
Gc
)
r
p
m
p
= 1secon d
(
M
m
R
m
(Ear th Da y)
)
R
M
= 1secon d
2
3
π r
p
α
4
G m
3
p
1
3
h
p
c
= 1secon d
h
C
= (hC )K E
e
hC = 1secon d
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Where
6).
Where equation 6 comes from equation 3.
We derive the value of our solar Planck constant
=
=
=
=
Now we show that our Planck constant for the solar system gives the base unit of one second for
the quantization. We call our solar Planck constant and find the wavelength for the Moon
which is the ground state for the solar system:
7)
C =
1
3
1
α
2
c
2
3
π r
p
G m
3
p
C =
1
3
1
α
2
c
1
3
2π r
p
G m
3
p
1
3
18769
299792458
1
3
2π (0.833E 15)
(6.67408E 11)(1.67262E 27)
3
1.55976565E 33
s
m
m
kg
3
s
2
kg
m
3
=
s
m
s
2
kg
2
m
2
=
s
m
s
kg m
=
1
kg
s
2
m
2
1
C
= kg
m
2
s
2
=
1
2
mv
2
= energ y
hC = (6.62607E 34)(1.55976565E33) = 1.03351secon ds 1.0secon ds
hC =
(
kg
m
s
2
m s
)
(
1
kg
s
2
m
2
)
(
kg
m
2
s
)(
1
kg
s
2
m
2
)
= secon d s
K E
earth
=
1
2
(5.972E 24kg)(30,290m /s)
2
= 2.7396E 33J
= (hC )K E
earth
= (1.03351s)(2.7396E 33J ) = 2.8314E 33J s
λ
moon
=
2
GM
3
m
=
(2.8314E 33)
2
(6.67408E 11)(7.34763E 22kg)
3
= 3.0281E8m
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Then wavelength associated with the Moon divided by the speed of light should be 1 second if
our planetary system is quantized in terms of the Moon and a base unit of one second. We have
8)
And we see it is, so we have
9)
The solution for the orbit of the Earth around Sun with the Schrödinger wave equation can be
inferred from the solution for an electron around a proton in the a hydrogen atom with the
Schrödinger wave equation. The Schrödinger wave equation is, in spherical coordinates
10)
Its solution for the atom is
11)
12)
is the energy for an electron orbiting protons and , is the orbital shell for an electron with
protons, the orbital number. I find the solution for the Earth around the Sun utilizes the
Moon around the Earth. This is different than with the atom because planets and moons are not
all the same size and mass like electrons and protons are, and they don’t jump from orbit to
orbit like electrons do. I find that for the Earth around the Sun
13)
14)
is the kinetic energy of the Earth, and is the planet’s orbit. is the radius of the Sun,
is the radius of the Moon’s orbit, is the mass of the Earth, is the mass of the Moon, is
the orbit number of the Earth which is 3 and is the Planck constant for the solar system.
Instead of having protons, we have the radius of the Sun normalized by the radius of
the Moon. It is has always been an amazing fact the the sizes of the Moon and the Sun are such
that given their orbital distances, the Moon as seen from the Earth perfectly eclipses the Sun.
This becomes part of the theory and we suggest it is a condition for sophisticated planets that
harbor life by writing it:
λ
moon
c
=
3.0281E8m
299,792,458m /s
= 1.010secon d s
λ
moon
c
= 1secon d
2
2m
[
1
r
2
r
(
r
2
r
)
+
1
r
2
sinθ
θ
(
sinθ
θ
)
+
1
r
2
sin
2
θ
2
ϕ
2
]
ψ + V(r)ψ = E ψ
E =
Z
2
(k
e
e
2
)
2
m
e
2
2
n
2
r
n
=
n
2
2
Z k
e
e
2
m
e
E
Z
r
n
Z
n
K E
e
= n
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
r
n
=
2
2
GM
3
m
R
R
m
1
n
K E
e
r
n
R
r
m
M
e
M
m
n
Z
R
/R
m
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15)
That is the orbital radius of the planet (Earth) to the orbital radius of its moon (The Moon) is
about equal to the the radius of the star (The Sun) to the radius of its moon (The Moon). We say
the system is quantized by the Moon and the base unit of one second. It is a fact that the Moon
orbiting the Earth optimizes the conditions for life on Earth because it holds the Earth at its
inclination to its orbit around the Sun allowing for the seasons, preventing extreme hot and
extreme cold. Let us now see if our solar Planck constant works…
16)
=
=2.727E36J
The kinetic energy of the Earth is
The accuracy of our equation is:
Which is very good. Thus we have solved the Earth/Moon/Sun System with our spacetime
operators by using them to find a Planck constant for the solar system.
We want to suggest that the base 60 dynamic applied to the rotational velocity of the Earth to
measure time has a natural property associated with the atom and the Earth/Moon/Sun orbital
system as a solution to the atom’s wave equation. The Earth day is given by, in seconds
This gives since
Thus we have as factors for the seconds per day the smallest primes 2 and 3, and the 4 of
rectangular coordinate systems, and the versatile, abundant, 60. We then suggest the second is
dynamic in terms of what the ancients gave us because 86400 seconds comes from
and this I suggest is connected to Nature because the Earth rotates at a speed
that gives from these ancient factors the duration of a second that I found is the base unit of the
atomic systems and our planetary system, in particular of our Earth/Moon/Sun system as a
solution of the Schrödinger wave equation that solves the same atomic system, which I will go
into right now.
r
planet
r
moon
R
star
R
moon
R
R
m
=
6.96E8m
1737400m
= 400.5986
K E
e
= (1.732)(400.5986)
(6.67408E 11)
2
(5.972E 24kg)
2
(7.347673E 22kg)
3
2(2.8314E 33)
2
K E
e
=
1
2
(5.972E 24kg)(30,290m /s)
2
= 2.7396E 33J
2.727E 36J
2.7396E 33J
100 = 99.5 %
(
1d a y
24hrs
)(
1hr
60mi n
)(
1min
60sec
)
=
1
86400
d a y
sec
2 3 4 = 24
2 3 4 60 60 = 86400secon d s /d ay
2 3 4 60 60
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We see the spacetime operators solve the atom by giving us the radius of a proton. We set
equation 3 equal to equation 1
3)
1).
These two yield
17).
I find this is close to the experimental value of the radius of a proton. I find I can arrive at this
radius of a proton another way, energy is given by Plancks constant and frequency
We have
We take the rest energy of the mass of a proton :
The frequency of a proton is
Since our theory gave us the factor of 2/3 for the radius of a proton we have:
The radius of a proton is then
2
3
π r
p
α
4
G m
3
p
1
3
h
c
= 1secon d
(
1
6α
2
4πh
Gc
)
r
p
m
p
= 1secon d
r
p
=
2
3
h
cm
p
E = h f
f = 1/s, h = J s, h f = (J s)(1/s) = J
E = J = Joules = en erg y
m
p
E = m
p
c
2
f
p
=
m
p
c
2
h
m
p
c
2
h
r
p
c
=
2
3
ϕ =
m
p
c
h
r
p
m
p
r
p
=
2
3
h
c
r
p
=
2
3
h
cm
p
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This is close to the CODATA value for the proton radius around 2018 (0.842E-15m). The result
is
We find it may be that the radius of a proton is actually
18)
Where is the golden ratio constant (0.618). This is more along the lines of more recent
measurements. Both equations 17 and 18 for the radius of the proton can be right depending on
the dynamics of what is going on; the radius of a proton is not precisely defined, it is more of a
fuzzy cloud of subatomic particles. Thus we have solved the atom with our spacetime operators
by producing the radius of a proton.
Indeed if the dynamics of the factors the ancients gave us to create the duration of a second are
connected to the dynamics of star systems then then the second should define the rotational
angular momentum of the Earth since we divide the rotation period of the Earth into these
factors to get the unit of second, and should be connected to our Planck constant for the solar
system which is in units of angular momentum as well, as is Plancks constant for the atom.
The angular momentum of the Earth with respect to the Sun is 2.66E40 kg m2/s. The rotational
angular momentum is 7.05E33 kg m2/s. In orbit angular momentum is given by
For a uniform rotational sphere it is given by
We found our solar system Planck constant was
This gives
19)
We are now equipped to show that the ancient Sumerians were right in dividing the rotation
period of the Earth (the day) into 24 units (the hour) because
That is
r
p
=
2
3
6.62607E 34
(299,792,458)(1.67262E 27)
= 0.88094E 15m
r
p
= ϕ
h
cm
p
= 0.816632E 15m
ϕ
L = 2π M f r
2
L =
4
5
π M f r
2
= 2.8314E 33J s
L
earth
=
7.05E 33
2.8314E 33
= 2.4899 2.5 = 2
1
2
2.5(24) = 60
of 13 65
20).
Which is to say the angular momentum of the Earth to its Planck constant gives the base 60
counting in terms of the 24 hour day, the 60 of 60 minutes in an hour, and 60 seconds in a
minute, that determine our base unit of duration we call a second that happens to be, as I have
shown, the base unit of the wave solution to the atom and the Earth/Moon/Sun system.
Our equation in this paper for the Earth energy as a solution of the wave equation (eq. 13)
13).
does not depend on the Moon’s distance from the Earth, only its mass. The Moon slows the
Earth rotation and this in turn expands the Moon’s orbit, so it is getting larger, the Earth loses
energy to the Moon. The Earth day gets longer by 0.0067 hours per million years, and the
Moon’s orbit gets 3.78 cm larger per year. Equation 20
20)
only specifies divide the day into 24 units, and hours into 60 minutes and minutes into 60
seconds, regardless of what the Earth rotational velocity is. But it was more or less the same as it
is now when the Sumerians started civilization. But it may be that it holds for when the Earth
day is such that when the Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun, which we said might be a condition
for the optimization of life preventing extreme hot and cold. That is when 15 holds
15)
Which holds for today and held for the ancient Sumerians and holds for when the Earth rotation
gives the duration of a second we have today.
We want the basis set of equations for the solar system. We have
We have from equation
We have equations
L
earth
24 = 60
K E
e
= n
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
L
earth
24 = 60
r
planet
r
moon
R
star
R
moon
λ
moon
=
2
GM
3
m
= 3.0281E8m
λ
moon
c
=
2
GM
3
m
1
c
= 1.0secon d s
= (hC )K E
e
hC = 1secon d
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We have equations
(This Equation is how I got Equation 2.)
From these it becomes clear that
21)
22)
23)
Thus combining equation 20 with the following
21).
20).
gives
Which gives
2
3
π r
p
α
4
G m
3
p
1
3
h
c
= 1secon d
(
1
6α
2
4πh
Gc
)
r
p
m
p
= 1secon d
1secon d =
K E
m
K E
e
(Ear th Da y)
=
GM
3
m
c
K E
e
K E
e
=
GM
3
m
c
=
(
1
6α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
Gc
)
K E
e
λ
moon
c
= 1secon d
hC = 1secon d
= (hC )K E
e
K E
e
=
GM
3
m
c
L
earth
24 = 60
1secon d =
(
24
60
)
2
L
2
earth
GM
3
m
c
of 15 65
24)
=
This is very accurate to give us a second. But notice 6.262 is approximately . We see that
25)
is the circumference of a unit circle, it could be that the circumference of the Earth orbit, can
be taken as 1 (unity) and essentially we have the mystery of base 60 and the 24 hour day of the
ancient Sumerians is solved, it connects unit circle to 1 (unity).
26).
27)
Conclusion
In conclusion we have that the unit of a second as derived from the Mesopotamians is a Natural
constant. As well we see the Hindu Vedic system describes Nature as well. It says
( )
( )
( )
( )
1secon d =
(
24
60
)
2
L
2
earth
GM
3
m
c
(
24
60
)
2
(7.05E 33)
2
(6.67408E 11)((7.347673E 22kg)
3
(299792458m /s)
=
(
24
60
)
2
6.262sec = 1.002secon d s = 1.00secon ds
2π
1 =
(
24
60
)
2
2π
2π
2
2
=
24
60
π
cos(45
) = cos(π /4) =
24
60
π
2R
= 2(6.957E8m) = 1.3914E 9m eters
R
= Sol arRa dius
r
e
= 1.496E11m
r
e
= Ear thOrbit
r
e
2R
= 107.52 108
2R
moon
= 2(1.74E6m) = 3.48E6m
R
moon
= Lu n arRa diu s
r
moon
= 3.845E8m
r
moon
= Lu n ar Orbit
r
m
2R
moon
= 110 108
(86,000sec /d a y)
2
=
43200
0.4sec /vispala
= 108,000vispal a s /d a y
108(10)(10)(10) = 108,000
of 16 65
To see how this is connected to nature we would have to go into the significance of base 10
counting as we did with base 60 counting. But interesting here is that
because
13.
where
15.
16.
Which is to say radius of the Sun to the radius of the Moon in the planetary equation plays the
role of the number of protons (Z) in an element for the energy of the electron orbits in the
atomic equation and that the Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun as see from the earth (eq 15) might
be a condition for sophisticated habitable star systems, we know the Moon allows for the
seasons making life very successful on Earth by preventing temperature extremes. So in the
Hindu Vedic system the diameters of the Sun and Moon fitting into Earth orbit and Lunar orbit
the same amount might play a similar role in a theory. You would have to go into base 10 like we
did with base 60. We have
West
24 hours
60 minutes
60 seconds
India
60 hours
24 minutes
24 seconds
A sort of inversion of things. The incredible thing here is that the wonderful equations,
equations 19 and 20:
r
e
2R
= 107.52 108
r
m
2R
moon
= 110 108
R
R
e
=
6.957E8m
6,371,000m
= 109 108
K E
e
= n
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
r
planet
r
moon
R
star
R
moon
R
R
m
=
6.96E8m
1737400m
= 400.5986
of 17 65
19.
20.
unify the Mesopotamian system with the Hindu system because
This suggests that the Hindu system is just as Natural as the Western system.
Ancient Aliens
How could have The Ancient Mesopotamians known
1)
2)
3)
7)
8)
9)
And, the Ancient Hindus have known
L
earth
=
7.05E 33
2.8314E 33
= 2.4899 2.5 = 2
1
2
L
earth
24 = 60
1vi spal a = 0.4 secon ds
(0.4s)(2.5) = 1secon d
(
1
6α
2
4πh
Gc
)
r
p
m
p
= 1secon d
(
M
m
R
m
(Ear th Da y)
)
R
M
= 1secon d
2
3
π r
p
α
4
G m
3
p
1
3
h
p
c
= 1secon d
λ
moon
=
2
GM
3
m
=
(2.8314E 33)
2
(6.67408E 11)(7.34763E 22kg)
3
= 3.0281E8m
λ
moon
c
=
3.0281E8m
299,792,458m /s
= 1.010secon d s
λ
moon
c
= 1secon d
r
e
2R
= 107.52 108
r
m
2R
moon
= 110 108
of 18 65
It lends one to suggesting the influence of Ancient Aliens. I may have found traces of it. Let us go
into that story now.
Abstract
After developing a a single theory for atomic systems and planetary systems, I have found that
the unit of a second for measuring time, which ultimately came to us from the Ancient
Sumerians, who rst settled down from following the herds and hunting with stone spearpoint to
invent writing, mathematics, agriculture and metallurgy along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers of
Mesopotamia, is a Natural constant.
There has been some suggestion by many scholars that, since this invention of civilization by
the Sumerians happened mysteriously almost overnight on an archaeological time scale, that
they were given knowledge by Ancient Aliens. The Sumerians themselves said in their writings
in their ancient cuneiform that the they were given their knowledge from “Those who came from
the heavens”.
I am able to suggest that traces of such Aliens may exist in ancient records and contemporary
UFO sightings, and that the two are connected. I show this connection may be rooted in the
idea of the unit of a second for measuring time as a Natural constant, that it is a basis unit for
describing atomic systems, planetary systems, and biological systems in common.
R
R
e
=
6.957E8m
6,371,000m
= 109 108
of 19 65
Introduction !
I developed a theory that solves both the atom and the solar system in terms of a base unit of
1 second and quantization of the system with the Earth’s moon. When working out the theory
the base unit of time came out to be 1 second, and I thought that was rather incredible
because the second came to us ultimately from the Ancient Sumerians who mysteriously
settled down from hunting with stone spearpoint and inventing agriculture, mathematics, and
astronomy, but we would hazard to guess they didn’t know about a wave equation solution for
the solar system or the radius and mass of the atom’s proton, let alone of the proton itself, that
all came much later with modern science.!
What was even more compelling was that this unit of a second occurred in many forms in
terms of many dierent things in the theory. I found:!
!
!
!
!
!
Where is the kinetic energy of the Moon, is the kinetic energy of the Earth, is the
ne structure constant is 1/137, is the rotation period of the Earth 24 hours, is
Planck’s constant, is the universal constant of gravitation, is the speed of light, is the
radius of the proton, is the mass of a proton, is a wavelength associated with the
Moon in the theory, is the mass of the Moon, is the mass of the Earth, is the mass
of the Sun, is the diameter of the Earth’s orbit, is the orbital velocity of the Moon, and
is the orbital velocity of the Earth, 3 is the Earth orbital number.!
In part 1 we already went into how I arrived at all that. I would like to go into the theory that we
may have ultimately got our unit of a second for measuring time from ancient aliens who may
have given it to the Ancient Sumerians who started civilization, the Ancient Sumerians from
whom we got writing, mathematics, and agriculture.!
1secon d =
KE
m
KE
e
(Ear th Day)
(
1
6α
2
4πh
Gc
)
r
p
m
p
= 1secon d
2
3
πr
p
α
4
Gm
3
p
1
3
h
c
= 1secon d
λ
moon
c
= 1secon d
1secon d = d
e
v
m
v
2
e
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
KE
m
KE
e
Ear th Day
h
G
c
r
p
m
p
λ
moon
M
m
M
e
M
d
e
v
m
v
e
of 20 65
We have the unit of a second today because the Ancient Sumerians had a base 60 system of
counting (sexagesimal it is called). The Sumerians divided the day into 12 hours, evenly
divisible into 60, and so from sunrise to sunrise was 24 hours, and from sunset to sunset was
24 hours. They multiplied 60 by 6, to get 360 degrees in a circle. Since the Earth does one orbit
around the Sun in 365 days, which is a year, the Earth goes through about 1 degree a day. The
Babylonians got that from them, and further divided the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute
into 60 seconds, though hours were in their sun dials, they only used minutes and seconds for
astronomy. The West, the Europeans, got their sun dials from the Babylonians but did not
incorporate minutes and seconds into their mechanical clocks until the 17th century, but it all
came from the Sumerians, who settled down from hunting with stone spearpoint and started
agriculture, writing, mathematics, and civilization in general. Sun dials were used in Egypt as
well and had 12 divisions throughout the day as well for hours. A sun dial simply tells time by
the angle of a shadow cast by the Sun as the sun rises and sets, its position measuring time.!
The interesting thing is that we have the duration of a second is what it is not because we were
attempting to find some base unit of time for Nature, but rather we have the duration of a
second from ancient times that came to us over many years of dividing the rotation of the Earth
into hours, minutes, and seconds in such a way that we ended up with it. However we may have
had some sort of a thought going into it that was six-fold in Nature that lead it to being natural if
we consider:
And that thought may be was in a six-fold pattern that the motions of the Earth/Moon/Sun
system had in it approximately which we inadvertently characterized in the calendar:
Which can be written
Where there are 360 degrees in a circle and as such the Earth approximately moves through one
degree per day around the Sun. We achieved this because the ancients of Sumeria and Babylonia
from which the ancient Greeks received their counting system used base 60, sexagesimal
because 60 is evenly divisible by so much, that is by
1,2,3,4,5,6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30,…
My Guess That Panned Out
I thought we might want to look for clues in present times for the possibility of aliens who may
still be coming here, in the reports of UFOs.
I have undertaken this, and thought what a better way than to look at how we measure the
ancient second with modern clocks. The ancients did it with the position of the Sun in the sky
which comes from the rotation of the Earth, that turns once in 24 hours giving us the length of
the day, but that is not a very precise way to do it because the rotation of the Earth can waver in
1secon d =
1
365.25
1
24
1
60
1
60
= 0.0000000316881year
(
360days
year
)(
24h ours
d a y
)(
60mi n
h our
)(
60sec
min
)
= 31104000secon d s /year
12
2
(
60days
year
)(
1h our
d a y
)(
60mi n
h our
)(
60sec
min
)
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its period due to gravitational influences from other bodies in the solar system, like the Moon,
the Sun, and the planets.
We started with sun dials in ancient times, moved to gear ratios for clocks in medieval and
renaissance Europe, but in contemporary times we moved to oscillators, like the quartz crystal
oscillators in digital wrist watches, which is much more accurate. After that we got more
accurate with atomic clocks that make use of cesium. Quartz crystals and Cesium both occur in
Nature, and we mine them for making clocks.
In the 1980s the advent of solid-state digital electronics allowed for quartz timekeepers and
these are the mostly widely used today in most clocks and watches. If a quartz crystal is
appropriately shaped it will oscillate at a frequency of 32768 Hz, that is, 32768= oscillations
per second. Thus we began to define the second as that many oscillations of a quartz crystal.
Of course, over a year, a watch made from quartz crystals might lose a second or two over a year,
and more accurate is an atomic clock using cesium 133, the only stable isotope of cesium. The
second is now defined by 9,192,631,770 cycles of oscillations of the cesium atom.
Thus the first place I looked in hopes of finding clues to the existence of extraterrestrials,
extraterrestrials who may have given us the second in ancient times, was where cesium is found
and mined. It turns out it is a rare element and its most abundant deposits are in the province of
Manitoba in Canada, a place called Bernic Lake, in its South East corner. I then looked for UFO
sightings in Manitoba, and to my surprise found the most well documented UFO sighting in
Canada was there at Falcon Lake near the capitol Winnipeg which is right near Bernic Lake
where Cesium for clocks to define the second is primarily mined.
Interestingly, the Falcon Lake UFO sighting was in 1967 (May 20), the year we defined the
second with the cesium atomic clock, and was right near Bernic Lake where the cesium is
primarily mined. It involved a ship landing and a geologist that saw it, and approached it, Stefan
Michalak, who was hiking there looking for quartz deposits of all things, to stake a mining claim.
I thought perhaps the extraterrestrials were in the area looking for cesium, or quartz (which
occurs there as well) for their ship clocks.
To see the proximity of Falcon Lake of the UfO sighting, and Bernic Lake where Cesium is
primarily mined, to one another, and with the capitol of the province of Manitoba, go to the
maps on the next page
2
15
of 22 65
The Falcon Lake UFO Incident
Just how did the Falcon Lake UFO incident unfold? Steve Michalak was out inspecting a quartz
vein when he he saw two objects hovering 45 meters (150 ft) away from him glowing red. One
of the objects landed nearby and took on a disk shape. The other craft ew off. Before
approaching the craft Steve sat and drew it for half an hour. He noticed the craft lacked any
seams and had no insignias, and looked like smooth metal. It was 10.5 meters (34 ft) in
diameter, and 4.5 meters in height (15 ft).
He noticed a door was open with light coming out, and heard voices of people talking. He
attempted to communicate with them in English to offer mechanical support, but they did not
respond and he tried in Polish, Russian, and German to no avail. He touched the craft and the
ngertips of his gloves melted, it was so hot.
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The craft then rotated revealing a grid of holes that emitted a blast of heated gas that hit him in
the chest, setting his clothes a re, which he took off and the craft ew away. After returning
home he sought medical attention at Misericordia Health Center for his injuries and nausia
where he was admitted to the emergency room. His injuries were conrmed by the doctors, with
gridline burns on his chest and stomach. It was conrmed he had radiation poisoning. He was
never convinced he saw a UFO that was alien but rather an experimental aircraft. The incident
was investigated by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Royal Canadian Air Force, The
Department of Health, Department of National Defense, and American authorities the Aerial
Phenomena Research Organization and the United States Air Force as a part of the Condon
Committee. That is just a brief synopsis so I will leave the detailed story to books on the subject.
Cesium Clocks And the Ancient Constant of Nineveh
All that remains to be done now is to connect the Ancient Sumerians with modern cesium
atomic clocks that now dene the unit of a second. It may seem a daunting task, but it can be
done.
The Ancient Sumerians who settled down in the Middle East (Mesopotamia) from following the
herds and hunting with stone spearpoints, to invent agriculture, mathematics, writing,
government, and metallurgy, did so almost overnight on an archaeological timescale and it has
been a mystery of archaeology just what caused this to happen.
Apparently, in their writing, cuneiform, which presses symbols into clay tablets with a stylus, the
Sumerians say they got their knowledge from “the Anunaki, those who came from above”.
According to Zecharia Sitchin, the word Nephilim in the Bible came from the Sumerians. Even
mainstream archaeology today says that the stories of the Bible had their origins in Sumerian
stories. Nephilim is Hebrew for “Those who came from above”, but it is translated as giants. I
asked a yiddish scholar why this is and he said it is because those who came from above were
giants.
Moving on, with the unearthing by archaeologists of the Assyrian civilization in current day Iraq,
and discovery of the palace and library of King Assurbanipal in Nineveh, we now had access to
some 30,000 Sumerian cuneiform tablets. Some of what was in them years later found their way
to NASA scientist, Maurice Chatelain, who oversaw the communications systems of the Apollo
missions to the Moon.
The language of Sumerian was decoded in 1846 by an Englishman, Henry Rawlinson, using
tablets with the same text inscribed in three different languages, thus breaking the code. In 1872
they were nally translated by the English Assyriologist, George Smith. Chatelain writes in his
book “Our Cosmic Ancestors”:
Among the tablets translated by Smith was a certain quantity that contained nothing but numbers,
fantastically huge numbers, apparently derived from complicated calculations…
I have not been able to nd out to this day when and where somebody decided to study these
mathematical tablets again, but the translation into our decimal system was nally published a few years
ago, and one number stood out. It consisted of fteen digits: 195,995,200,000,000
I personally discovered the existence of the number in 1955,
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One day I remembered that the Sumerians, who were the ancestors of the Babylonians, who were in turn
invaded by the Assyrians, used calculations based on multiples of 60 more than 3,000 years ago. We still
do not know for sure who the Sumerians were and where they came from but we have found out that they
were truly great astronomers who knew the revolution periods of all the planets of the solar system,
including Uranus and Neptune
They were the ones who divided the day into 86,400 seconds with 24 hours of 60 minutes of 60 seconds
each. Immediately the realization came to me that the number of Nineveh represented a very, very long
long period of time expressed in seconds!
The thought ashed into my mind that the clever Sumerians were familiar, among other things
astronomical, with the precession of the equinoxes the turning of the terrestrial axis of rotation around
the pole of the ecliptic. This movement has a cycle of 9.540 million days or about 26,000 years.
…When I divided the Nineveh number by the cycle of the precession of the equinoxes, also called The
Big Year, I had the greatest surprise of my life! The sacred number of Nineveh divided exactly into 240 Big
Years of 9.450 million days each
Then came my conclusion that this enormous number of Nineveh could very well be the long lost magic
number called the great constant of the solar system’ the number that alchemists, astrologers, and
astronomers had been looking for for a very long time, while their ancestors were familiar with it more
than 3,000 years ago
To put it short, Chatelain tested this and found the Nineveh constant was exact multiples of the
conjunction periods of all the planets.
This constant was the number I needed to suggest that the Ancient Sumerians got the unit of a
second, which came from their sexagesimal counting system, from extraterrestrials. I suggest
extraterrestrials, because the second I nd is a base unit that describes a quantum mechanical
solution of the solar system and the atom’s proton in common, as in the equations presented at
the beginning of this paper. In other words, the second might not be arbitrary, but a natural
constant. I can suggest this because we now dene the second not with dividing up the rotation
period of the Earth, but with cesium atomic clocks, which started in 1967 the year Canadas
most famous and well documented UFO landing was sighted, and that was sighted in one of the
only reserves of the rare element cesium that makes atomic clocks possible.
Here is how we do it. The Nineveh constant is 1.959552E14 seconds/cycle. The second is now
dened as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the cesium atom per second. We have
A day has 86,400 seconds:
NinevehConsta nt
CesiumOscillat ion s
=
1.959552E14
9,192,631,770
= 21,316.5507
sec
2
c ycle
2
21,316.55057
sec
2
c ycle
2
= 146.0018855
sec
c ycle
146
sec
c ycle
(
86,400
sec
day
)(
c ycle
146sec
)
= 591.7808
c ycle
day
592
c ycle
day
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A year is 365.25 days, but this is a cycle of the Earth around the Sun so we have:
It is the golden ratio. But we have to take the square root to get the right units. A particular
approximation we have to is found in Ancient Egypt. While the Sumerians started civilization
that spread throughout the world, the Ancient Egyptians did the same at the same time
independently, but they were isolated by ocean mountains and desert so no one invaded them,
like Semitic tribes with the Sumerians. However, they did much similar to the Sumerians, like
dividing the day into 12 hours as well. And, there has been much theorizing that Ancient Aliens
gave them a great deal, like the pyramids, whose construction cannot be explained. Questions
remain how such large, heavy stones were cut, moved, and stacked to make them.
In Maurice Chatelains book “Our Cosmic Ancestors” Chatelain suggests the pyramids were
landing beacons for alien craft because they were polished, and reective, and were at on top.
But, I would like to point out when Chatelain solves the mathematical proportions of the
pyramids he suggests it is because the ancient Egyptians approximated the golden ratio, ,
above in our cesium clocks and the constant of Nineveh, as and the pi ( ) the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter as . In the pyramids Chatelain had to reconcile
and with one another, which dont reconcile except in the Egyptian approximations to these
values above if we take the square root of , as we have to do above with . We
have for our cesium clocks with respect to the Nineveh constant as Chatelain suggests we have
for the pyramids:
So this all has to do with the number
So the Nineveh constant that the ancient Sumerians wrote down thousands of years ago at the
dawn of civilization not only describes the periodic motion of the planets, planets that during the
18th century at the birth of modern science we did not even know existed, which Maurice
Chatelain said divide evenly into it to four places after the decimal, not only does it do that, it
describes the oscillations of a cesium atom in its ground state that dene a second, a second
that I have shown in theory is a natural constant at the basis of describing the planets and the
592
cycle
day
365.25
day
cycle
= 1.62
c ycle
2
day
2
1.618 = Φ
c ycle
2
day
2
Φ
Φ
196
121
π
22
7
Φ
π
Φ
Φ
c ycle
2
day
2
Φ
4
π
Φ
196
121
=
14
11
=
4
π
= 4
7
22
=
28
22
=
14
11
Φ
14
11
= 1.272727...
of 26 65
atom in common. And, it does so via the relationship between the golden ratio and pi that the
Ancient Egyptians used to construct their pyramids. In turn, this cesium, which is ideal for
making such clocks was in the end used to dene the second more accurately and made the
standard in 1967 when one of the most well documented UFO landings was reported in detail,
with much evidence to back it up, near Winnipeg, the capitol of the Manitoba providence where
most of the Cesium is mined for making such clocks. The Ancient Sumerians have been a
mystery to archaeology, how they settled down from hunting with stone spearpoints to invent
writing, mathematics, metallurgy, and agriculture. Also mysterious are the ancient Egyptians,
who invented mathematics, writing and agriculture around the the same time as the ancient
Sumerians independently and separately, especially their enormous stone pyramids stacked
with enormous stone blocks to precise Mathematical dimensions that we cannot even gure
today how they could have been cut, transported, and lifted. Did the ancient Sumerians and
Egyptians get their start in inventing civilization from visitors from another world more advanced
than ourselves? Can we nd indications of the presence of such visitors in ancient and
contemporary times, and are there clues that show them to be the same people?
I also found that UFOs are prominent in Canada, and are most abundant in the Manitoba
providence where the cesium is mined. In fact most of their sightings are around the capital of
Manitoba, Canada Winnipeg near the cesium mines and the Falcon Lake UFO incident. A
Manitoba news station did a story on it saying Manitoba is a UFO hotspot, with most of the
sightings in Winnipeg, significantly. They reported the numbers of sightings in cities in
Manitoba up to 2016 when the story was released. They are:
Winnipeg 767, Carman 53, Brandon 45, Thompson 40, Sperling 36
I immediately knew to look to Manitoba, Canada after I learned cesium was abundant there
because Todd, who goes by the name of “Taken by the Greys”, said on Canadian radio that he
was abducted by grey aliens at lake Manitoba, and by a secret people in Black Suits. He said he
was the one who rst said there were men in black suits, and that it is from him that they got the
idea for the lm “Men in Black”, a science ction movie about men and women who wear black
suits and oversee our relationships with extraterrestrials on Earth. Todd has a Youtube channel
where he has documented his abduction at Lake Manitoba, it goes by the name of Taken by the
Greys.
I have found that the basis unit of one second is not just a Natural constant for physical systems
like the atom and the planets around the Sun, but for the basis of biological life, that it is in the
sixfold Nature of the chemical skeletons from which life is built, the hydrocarbons.
We return to a couple of the equations at the beginning of this paper
The first can be written:
1secon d =
1
6α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
Gc
1secon d =
K E
m
K E
e
(Ear th Da y)
of 27 65
14)
15)
From which instead of saying the left sides of these equations are seconds, we say they are
proton-seconds by not letting the units of cancel with the bodies of these equations on the
left, which are in units of mass, but rather divide into them, giving us a number of protons. I say
this is the biological because these are the hydrocarbons the backbones of biological chemistry.
We see they display sixfold symmetry. I can generate integer numbers of protons from the time
values from these equations for all of the elements with a computer program. Some results are:
A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry. And carbon is the core element of life. We see the
duration of the base unit of measuring time, 1 second, given to us by the ancients, is perfect for
the mathematical formulation of life chemistry. Here is the code for the program, it finds integer
solutions for time values, incremented by the program at the discretion of the user:
1
α
2
m
p
h 4π r
2
p
Gc
= 6pr oton secon d s = carbon(C )
1
α
2
m
p
h 4π r
2
p
Gc
= 1pr oton 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
m
p
of 28 65
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
int n;
float value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792458,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;
do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): ");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{
for (int i=0; i<n;i++)
{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));
int intpart=(int)protons[i];
float decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}
The Geographic Layout For UFOs and Cesium Mines
Interestingly, a straight line south from Falcon Lake where the UFO sighting was connects with
Houston, NASAs location of mission control for space flights. I thought perhaps I was looking at
extraterrestrial navigation routes. The line of Falcon Lake to Houston, connects with Baja
Mexico, and that with Seattle, Washington a hub of tech Industry, where Microsoft is. A square
is made that encloses the United States nicely whose center is Denver, Colorado and Boulder
Colorado, Denver a so-called Beta World City, which means it is a primary node in the global
economic Network. Boulder Colorado maintains one of our Cesium atomic clocks that we use to
keep track of time accurately for science and calendars. It is a one of a handful of laboratories
that does this. See the maps and drawings below:
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The green square in the south-east corner just south-east of Winnipeg is Falcon Lake, the grey
circle just north of there (Just north-east of Winnipeg is Bernic Lake). They are very close to one
another.
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Closing Statement
We are at a time in our history when we have built telescopes that we have been able to put in
space. They have enabled us to detect some of the tiny specks orbiting other stars that are
planets, tiny specks that we always guessed should exist if our theory was right that planets
orbiting other stars are common place. Some of these planets that we have found have turned
out to be like the Earth, solid and at the right distance from their star to not be too hot for water
to vaporize, or too far for it to freeze, but for it exist in its liquid phase, a condition we believe to
be necessary for life to happen as we understand it.
We are further at a time in our development where we can leave the Earth and explore some of
the planets orbiting our star, the Sun. Our technology in the realm of computing power, as
achieved with solid state technology and integrated circuitry in our computers has taken off into
beyond what we ever dreamed it would reach so early on. It has enabled us make robotic landers
and send them to Mars to send back information about its terrain, whether it has water and can
be colonized, a necessity for us to do because resources on Earth are finite, and our survival in
the end depends on us being able to expand out into space.
But these are interplanetary missions, and in the end we need to travel between the stars. While
the planets orbiting our Sun are accessible it takes about a year with current technology to get
to Mars the distances between the stars are immense, with current technology it would take
thousands of years to reach the nearest one. Space is inhospitable: its is cold and devoid of air, it
is a major undertaking just to leave the Earth and go to the Moon that takes months of planning;
we cant just press a button and take off and go there at anytime we wish.
But computers are not just making developments in the physical and biological sciences, giving
us an idea or our origins, where we going, and what we are about, they are making
advancements in our ability to engineer better ones of them, themselves; the ability to make
more complex computations quicker and store information in smaller and smaller volumes.
With such computing power we may be able to develop a way to not just travel to the planets of
our star system, but to travel to the planets of other star systems.
This I believe is important to do. Especially in light of this study. Because, through it, we see the
solar system and the atom have a profound structure mathematically that is interconnected, and
we have to ask, why our solar system has this apparent design, and the Earth has such favorable
conditions to support life over the billions of years needed for life to develop into something as
sophisticated as the human, that can alter its environment in its favor to such a degree that no
other animal has ever achieved.
We have to ask if this is not just true of our star system, but of other star systems; there are
many kinds of stars, big hot ones, and small cool ones. If our solar system in its mathematical
structure reveals so much about us, what does the mathematical structure of other star systems
reveal about the inhabitants of their planets? Are the different star systems related but different,
and if so what would that tell us about our purpose in life, or its meaning?
In order to to make the jump to the stars, we have to undergo an expansion of consciousness to
adapt to space travel and its implications. It may be we will soon find that there is already a
social structure for the different worlds in common that allows for the different space faring
civilizations to function together, and that Earth might be invited to join such an intergalactic
community. I leave this paraphrasing a poem by the astronomer Carl Sagan:
of 33 65
The surface of the Earth is the shore of cosmic ocean
From it we have learned most of what we know
Some part of our being knows this is from where we came
Recently, we have waded out to sea, enough to wet our toes
Some part of our being knows this is from where we came
We long to return
These aspirations, I think, are not irreverent
Though they may trouble whatever Gods may be.
It would seem Manitoba UFO activity is happening again in the same areas as the falcon lake
incident and near the cesium mines. The following video shows compelling footage:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ykg_aNVxYAo
of 34 65
Biological Life Part of a Universal Natural Process In The Universe
of 35 65
Introduction I have a theory for the star systems, the planets and their suns, wherein such
systems are solved with the Schrödinger wave equation that is used to solve atomic systems. The
result is that star systems and atomic systems, systems on the macro scales and micro scales, are
governed by the same underlying principles. It came to pass that this theory indicated an
overlap with biological systems indicating that biological life could be part of the same idea, and
that is what I hope to pull out of that paper and develop here.
The theory for the planets, which also predicted the radius of a proton, which is one of the
fundamental particles out of which matter is made, suggested that star systems which support
life are a part of a Universal natural process. One of the conditions for star systems that support
life made use of the interesting fact that has mystified science for some time now, that the Moon
is the right size and distance from the Earth that it nearly perfectly eclipses the Sun. The reason
a moon would be necessary for life to be optimally successful on a habitable planet is that we
know our moon that orbits our Earth, makes life here successful because it holds the Earth at its
inclination to its orbit around the Sun allowing for the seasons, thus preventing extreme hot and
extreme cold.
Interestingly, the solution for the planets of the Schrödinger wave equation, was quantized in
terms of the Earth’s moon, and a base unit of one second. The Moon seems to be some sort of a
natural yardstick. The strange thing is that the basis unit of time is one second and the second
was not developed with the planets and atoms in mind, so it is strange that it lands upon the
function of a natural constant in our theory. In the theory (An Abstract Theory of Reality,
Beardsley 2024) I talk a little about why that might be. The second came to us from the Ancient
Sumerians, who invented civilization with settling down from following the herds and hunting
with stone spearpoint to invent agriculture, metallurgy, writing, and mathematics. They had a
base 60 counting system, and found it convenient then to divide the Earth day (rotation period)
into 24 hours, which in the end became adopted by the world. Their base 60 counting resulted in
the Babylonians dividing the hour into 60 minutes, and that in turn into 60 seconds, and that is
how we have the duration of a second we have today. They chose base 60 (sexagesimal) because
60 is evenly divisible by so much from which they gave us the 12 hour day and 12 hour night or
24 hour day from sunrise to sunrise, sunset to sunset. 12 times 5 is 60, also 60 times 6 is 360,
they gave us the 360 degree circle as well.
In this paper I show that the same unit of a second that describes planetary systems and atomic
system in common describes hydrocarbons, the skeletons of biological life chemistry. I further
show that it predicts the atomic radii of the hydrogen and carbon atoms from which such
skeletons are made. Hydrogen and carbon are the most abundant elements in life chemistry,
carbon is the core element upon which life is made, and hydrogen is the simplest element,
element one in the periodic table of the elements, consisting of 1 proton, and is the most
abundant element in the universe by far, and plays the dominant role in all of chemistry.
of 36 65
A Theory For Biological Hydrocarbons I have found that the basis unit of one second is
not just a Natural constant for physical systems like the atom and the planets around the Sun
(See my paper An Abstract Theory of Reality, Beardsley 2024) but for the basis of biological
life, that it is in the sixfold Nature of the chemical skeletons from which life is built, the
hydrocarbons. I found
1).
2).
Where is the fine structure constant, is the radius of a proton, is the mass of a
proton, is Planck’s constant, is the constant of gravitation, is the speed of light, is the
kinetic energy of the Moon, is the kinetic energy of the Earth, and is the
rotation period of the Earth is one day.
The first can be written:
3).
4).
From which instead of saying the left sides of these equations are seconds, we say they are
proton-seconds by not letting the units of cancel with the bodies of these equations on the
left, which are in units of mass, but rather divide into them, giving us a number of protons. I say
this is the biological because these are the hydrocarbons the backbones of biological chemistry.
We see they display sixfold symmetry. I can generate integer numbers of protons from the time
values from these equations for all of the elements with a computer program. Some results are:
1secon d =
1
6α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
Gc
1secon d =
K E
m
K E
e
(Ear th Da y)
α = 1/137
r
p
m
p
h
G
c
K E
m
K E
e
Ear th Da y
1
α
2
m
p
h 4π r
2
p
Gc
= 6pr oton secon d s = carbon(C )
1
α
2
m
p
h 4π r
2
p
Gc
= 1pr oton 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
m
p
of 37 65
A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry. And carbon is the core element of life. We see the
duration of the base unit of measuring time, 1 second, given to us by the ancients (the base 60,
sexagesimal, system of counting of the Sumerians who invented math and writing and started
civilization), is perfect for the mathematical formulation of life chemistry. Here is the code for
the program, it finds integer solutions for time values, incremented by the program at the
discretion of the user:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
int n;
float value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792458,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;
do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): ");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{
for (int i=0; i<n;i++)
{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));
int intpart=(int)protons[i];
float decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}
We have that
Since this 6 seconds is also proton-seconds we have
5). is carbon (C)
6). is hydrogen (H)
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 18769
0.833E 15
1.67262E 27
4π (6.62607E 34)
(6.67408E 11)(299,792458)
= 6.029978s 6s
1
6pr oton s
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 1secon d
1
1pr oton
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 6secon d s
of 38 65
Our Theory For Hydrocarbons With all that has been said we are equipped to proceed. We
want to consider the radius of a hydrogen atom and the radius of a carbon atom. The radius of
a carbon atom given in your periodic table of the elements is often 70 to 76 picometers. The
covalent radius of hydrogen is given as 31 picometers. The atomic radius of hydrogen is 53
picometers and the atomic radius of carbon is 67 picometers. We want to consider the atomic
radii of both, because the covalent radius, determined by x-ray diraction for diatomic
hydrogen, is the size of two hydrogen atoms joined H2 divided by two, where it is measured
that way, joined, in the laboratory. Carbon is C2 divided by 2. We are interested in the single
carbon and hydrogen atoms, because we want to know what our theory for their six-fold
symmetry with one another in their representations in proton-seconds says about the way they
combine as the skeletons of life chemistry. We start with the Planck constant, which is like
ux, a mass (perhaps a number of particles) per second over an area. That is it is kilograms per
second over square area:!
!
We have equations 1 and 2:!
1). is carbon (C)
2). is hydrogen (H)
We can write these
=
3).
=
4). !
We have from 3 and 4…!
5). !
We nd the ratio between the surface areas of the hydrogen and carbon atoms:!
h,
h = 6.62607E 34J s = 6.62607E 37
kg
s
m
2
1
6pr oton s
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 1secon d
1
1pr oton
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 6secon d s
(
6.62607E 37
kg
s
m
2
)
6secon d s
m
p
(
6.62607E 37
kg
s
m
2
)
6secon ds
1.67262E 27kg
= 2.37689E 6m
2
(
6.62607E 37
kg
s
m
2
)
1secon d
6m
p
(
6.62607E 37
kg
s
m
2
)
1secon d
6(1.67262E 27kg)
= 6.602486E 8m
2
h
m
p
(6seconds)
1
h
m
p
(1second)
6
=
2.37689E 6m
2
6.602486E 8m
2
= 35.9999 40
of 39 65
6). !
7). !
!
It is the golden mean. These atomic radii are the radii between the nucleus of the atoms and
their valence shell, which is what we want because the valence shell is the outermost electrons
responsible for the way the hydrogen and the carbon combine to make hydrocarbons. We will
write this!
8). !
I am guessing the reason we have the golden mean here is that it is the number used for
closest packing. But what we really want to do is look at the concept of action, for hydrogen
given by six seconds and carbon given by 1 second. We take equations 1 and 2:!
1). is carbon (C)
2). is hydrogen (H)
And, we write
9).
Where is the radius of the atom, and t its time values given here by equations 1 and 2. We have for
hydrogen
10).
=
This is actually very close to the radius of a hydrogen which can vary around this depending on how you
are looking at it, which we said is given by 5.3E-11m. For carbon we have:
11).
=
And this is actually very close to the radius of a carbon atom which is 6.7E-11m. The thing is if we consider
the bond length of the simplest hydrocarbon CH4, methane, which can be thought of as
H
surface
= 4π (r
2
H
) = 3.52989E 20m
2
C
surface
= 4π (r
2
C
) = 5.64104E 20m
2
4π(53pm)
2
4π(67pm)
2
= 0.62575 0.618... = ϕ
r
2
H
r
2
C
= ϕ
HC
1
6pr oton s
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 1secon d
1
1pr oton
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 6secon d s
m
p
G c
h
t
0
dt = r
A
r
A
m
p
G c
h
t
0
dt = (1.67262E 27kg)
(6.67408E 11)(299,792,458)
6.62607E 34
6sec
0
dt
(9.2E 12m /s)(6secon d s) = 5.5E 11m
m
p
G c
h
t
0
dt = (1.67262E 27kg)
(6.67408E 11)(299,792,458)
6.62607E 34
6sec+1sec
0
dt
(9.2E 12m /s)(7secon d s) = 6.44E 11m
of 40 65
16).
our, equations give
17).
which are the same thing. Thus we have the basis for a theory of everything in that it includes the macro
scale, the Earth/Moon/Sun System, because we had:
and it includes the radius of the proton which is the radius and mass of a proton and gives 1
second
and we have the hydrocarbons the skeleton of the chemistry of life give one second
1). is carbon (C)
2). is hydrogen (H)
and because they predict the radii of the carbon and hydrogen atoms at the core of life
10).
=
11).
=
r
H
+ r
C
= 5.3E 11m + 6.7E 11m = 1.2E 11m
r
H
+ r
C
= 5.5E 11m + 6.44E 11m = 1.2E 11m
1secon d =
K E
m
K E
e
(Ear th Da y)
1secon d =
1
6α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
Gc
1
6pr oton s
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 1secon d
1
1pr oton
1
α
2
r
p
m
p
4πh
G c
= 6secon d s
m
p
G c
h
t
0
dt = (1.67262E 27kg)
(6.67408E 11)(299,792,458)
6.62607E 34
6sec
0
dt
(9.2E 12m /s)(6secon d s) = 5.5E 11m
m
p
G c
h
t
0
dt = (1.67262E 27kg)
(6.67408E 11)(299,792,458)
6.62607E 34
6sec+1sec
0
dt
(9.2E 12m /s)(7secon d s) = 6.44E 11m
of 41 65
The Solar Formulation For The Solution Of The Wave Equation
of 42 65
The Solar Formulation
Our solution of the wave equation for the planets gives the kinetic energy of the Earth from the
mass of the Moon orbiting the Earth, but you could formulate based on the Earth orbiting the
Sun. In our lunar formulation we had:
1.
We remember the Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun which is to say
2.
Thus equation 1 becomes
3.
The kinetic energy of the Earth is
4.
Putting this in equation 3 gives the mass of the Sun:
5.
We recognize that the orbital velocity of the Moon is
6.
So equation 5 becomes
7.
This gives the mass of the Moon is
8.
Putting this in equation 1 yields
9.
K E
e
= 3
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
R
R
m
=
r
e
r
m
K E
e
= 3
r
e
r
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
K E
e
=
1
2
GM
M
e
r
e
M
= 3r
2
e
GM
e
r
m
M
3
m
2
v
2
m
=
GM
e
r
m
M
= 3r
2
e
v
2
m
M
3
m
2
M
3
m
=
M
2
3r
2
e
v
2
m
K E
e
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
2r
2
e
v
2
m
of 43 65
We now multiply through by and we have
10.
Thus the Planck constant for the Sun, , in this the case the star is the Sun, is angular
momentum quantized, the angular momentum we will call , the subscript for Planck. We
have
We write for the solution of the Earth/Sun system:
11.
Let us compare this to that of an atom:
12.
We notice that in equation 11
; ; ; ;
is really . We can write 11 as
13.
We say. . That is
Let us see how accurate our equation is:
M
2
e
/M
2
e
K E
e
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
4
e
M
2r
2
e
v
2
m
M
2
e
L
p
p
L
p
= r
e
v
m
M
e
= r
e
v
m
M
e
= (1.496E11m)(1022m /s)(5.972E 24kg) = 9.13E 38kg
m
2
s
L
2
p
= r
2
e
v
2
m
M
2
e
= 7.4483E 77J m
2
kg = 8.3367E 77kg
2
m
4
s
2
K E
e
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
4
e
M
2L
2
p
E =
Z
2
n
2
k
2
e
e
4
m
e
2
2
Z
2
n
2
R
R
m
k
2
e
G
2
e
4
M
4
e
m
e
M
2
L
2
p
L
p
K E
e
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
4
e
M
2
2
=
/2π
= 9.13E 38J s
h
= 2π
= 5.7365E 39J s
K E
e
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
4
e
M
2
2
of 44 65
=
=
We have that the kinetic energy of the Earth is
Our equation has an accuracy of
Which is very good.
We call the same in our solar solution. But we now want our solution for the solar
formulation. is the mass of the Earth and is the mass of the Sun. We have our solution
might be!
14. !
Where is !
We have
15.
This has an accuracy of
!
Thus the solutions to the wave equation!
R
R
m
(6.67408E 11)
2
(5.972E 24kg)
4
(1.9891E 30kg)
2(8.3367E 77kg
2
m
4
s
2
)
R
R
m
(6.759E 30J )
R
R
m
=
6.957E8m
1737400m
= 400.426
K E
e
= 2.70655E 33J
K E
earth
=
1
2
(5.972E 24kg)(30,290m /s)
2
= 2.7396E 33J
2.70655E 33J
2.7396E 33J
= 98.79 %
L
p
r
n
M
e
M
r
n
=
2
GM
3
e
R
m
R
h
= 9.13E 38J s
r
3
=
(9.13E 38)
2
(6.67408E 11)(5.972E 24kg)
3
1
400.5986
= 1.4638E11m
1.4638E11m
1.496E11m
100 = 97.85 %
of 45 65
!
for the solar formulations are!
13)
14)
Equating The Lunar And Solar Formulations Yield Our 1 Second Base Unit
Let us equate equation 1 with equation 13:
1.
13.
This gives:
16.
We remember that
2
2m
[
1
r
2
r
(
r
2
r
)
+
1
r
2
sinθ
θ
(
sinθ
θ
)
+
1
r
2
sin
2
θ
2
ϕ
2
]
ψ + V(r )ψ = E ψ
K E
e
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
4
e
M
2
2
r
n
=
2
GM
3
e
R
m
R
= 9.13E 38J s
h
= 2π
= 5.7365E 39J s
K E
e
= n
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
K E
e
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
4
e
M
2
2
3
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
=
R
R
m
G
2
M
4
e
M
2L
2
p
L
p
=
M
2
e
M
M
3
m
3
= (hC )K E
p
hC = 1secon d
C =
1
3
1
α
2
c
1
3
2π r
p
G m
3
p
of 46 65
This gives
17.
We have
18.
This equates the orbital velocity of the Moon with the centripetal acceleration of the Earth in
terms of one second by way of the mass of the Earth, the mass of the Sun, the mass of the Moon,
and the orbital number of the Earth. Let us compute
19.
Let us see how well equation 18 works. at aphelion is 966 m/s and .
. We have
That is an accuracy of
Equation 18 can be written:
20.
From our equation:
1
6α
2
m
p
h 4π r
2
p
Gc
= 1.004996352secon ds
r
e
v
m
M
e
=
1
6α
2
r
p
m
p
h 4π
Gc
1
2
M
e
v
2
e
M
2
e
M
M
3
m
3
2v
m
=
v
2
e
r
e
(1secon d )
M
2
e
M
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
M
3
m
3
=
(5.972E 24kg)
2
(1.9891E 30kg)
(7.34763E 22kg)
3
(1.732)
= 321,331.459 321,331
v
m
v
e
= 29,800m /s
r
e
= 1AU = 1.496E11m
2(966m /s) =
(29,800m /s)
2
1.496E11m
(1sec)(321,331.459)
1,907m /s = 1,932m /s
1907
1932
= 98.7 %
1secon d = 2r
e
v
m
v
2
e
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
1
6α
2
m
p
h 4π r
2
p
Gc
= 1.004996352secon ds
of 47 65
We have
21.
Since , the diameter of the Earth orbit, we have
22.
And we see the Earth/Moon/Sun system determines the radius and mass of the proton and vice
versa. We basically have
23. 62)
Where is the Earth orbital number. We have
= 7.83436E4seconds
EarthDay=(24)(60)(60)=86400 seconds,
accuracy
This last equation, equation 62, we can use to find the rotation period, or the length of the day,
of an earth-like planet in the habitable zone of any star system, so it would be very useful.
We want to turn our attention to equation 20 and write it
1
6α
2
r
p
m
p
h 4π
Gc
= 2r
e
v
m
v
2
e
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
2r
e
= d
e
1
6α
2
r
p
m
p
h 4π
Gc
= d
e
v
m
v
2
e
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
1secon d = 2v
m
r
e
v
2
e
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
1secon d =
K E
moon
K E
earth
Ear th Da y
1secon d =
M
m
v
2
m
M
e
v
2
m
Ear th Da y
Ear th Da y =
2r
e
v
m
M
m
M
n
n = 3
Ear th Da y =
2(1.496E11m)
966m /s
7.34763E 22kg
1.9891E 30kg
1.732
7.834E4s
86,400s
100 = 90.675 %
of 48 65
24.
We see equating solar and lunar formulations for energy yield the base unit of one second.
Equating the lunar and solar solutions for orbitals instead of the for energies, which we just did,
we have
Yields
25.
Where . The accuracy of this is
Thus the energy equations gave the equation 55:
16. !
And equating the orbital equations gives
26.
These last two yield
27.
The accuracy is
1secon d = d
e
v
m
v
2
e
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
2
2
GM
3
m
R
R
m
1
n
=
L
2
p
GM
3
e
R
m
R
2
M
3
e
M
3
m
=
3
2
L
2
p
R
2
m
R
2
s
3/2 = cos(π /6)
(2.8314E 33)
2
(5.972E 24)
3
(7.34763E 22)
3
= (0.866)(9.13E 38)
2
(1737400)
2
(6.96E8)
2
4.29059E 72 = 4.5005E 72
4.29059E 72
4.5005E 72
100 = 95.3 %
L
p
=
M
2
e
M
M
3
m
3
L
2
p
=
2 3
3
M
3
e
M
3
m
R
2
R
2
m
2
2
R
R
m
M
e
M
= 1
of 49 65
Is 98% accuracy. The important thing that comes out of this is our base unit of a second because
we see it is also a function lunar, solar, and earth masses.
24.
(400.5986)
5.972E 24kg
1.9891E 30kg
= 1
0.98 = 1
1secon d = d
e
v
m
v
2
e
M
3
m
3
M
2
e
M
of 50 65
Wave Solutions For Jupiter And Saturn
of 51 65
Solutions For Jupiter And Saturn
We have the solution for the Bohr hydrogen atom is
1
is the atomic number, the number of protons orbited, but for our system it is 1, because one
body is orbited. is the orbit number, which we will deal with later. We have our solution for the
Earth/Moon/Sun system is
2
Let is the earth mass, is the lunar mass, and is our
Planck constant for the Earth/Moon/Sun system. We compute equation 2:
=
The kinetic energy of the Earth is
This is
The Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun which means as seen from the Earth the Moon appears to
be the same size as the Sun. This is because
3
Where is the Earth orbital distance, is the Moon’s orbital distance, is the Sun’s radius,
and is the Moon’s radius. This is because though the Moon is 400 times further from the Sun
than it is from the Earth, the Sun is 400 times larger than the Moon. That is
Thus
4
We find the quantum mechanical solution to the Earth/Moon/System is
E =
Z
2
(k
e
e
2
)
2
m
e
2
2
n
2
Z
n
E =
G
2
M
2
m
3
2h
2
n
2
M = M
e
m = M
m
h
= 2.8314E 33J s
E =
(6.67408E 11)
2
(5.972E 24kg)
2
(7.347673E 22kg)
3
2(2.8314E 33)
2
n
2
3.93E 30Joules
n
2
K E
e
=
1
2
(5.972E 24kg)(30,290m /s)
2
= 2.7396E 33J
1/n
2
= 697
r
e
r
m
R
R
m
r
e
r
m
R
R
m
6.96E8m
1737400m
= 400.5986
R
R
m
= 400
of 52 65
5 !
for Earth orbit (Third Planet).!
!
!
We see the solar Planck constant we developed works in solving the Schrödinger wave equation
for the Earth/Moon/Sun system. My belief as to why this was never done is that it had to be
realized that the solution of the Earth kinetic energy around the Sun as a quantum mechanical
state is based on the Moon around the Earth.
Now we want to find what the wave equation solutions are for Jupiter and Saturn because they
significantly carry the majority of the mass of the solar system and thus should embody most
clearly the dynamics of the wave solution to the Solar System.
I find that as we cross the asteroid belt leaving behind the terrestrial planets, which are solid,
and go to the gas giants and ice giants, the atomic number is no longer squared and the square
root of the the orbital number moves from the numerator to the denominator. I believe this is
because the solar system here should be modeled in two parts, just as it is in theories of solar
system formation because there is a force other than just gravity of the Sun at work, which is the
radiation pressure of the Sun, which is what separates it into two parts, the terrestrial planets on
this side of the asteroid belt and the giants on the other side of the asteroid belt. The effect the
radiation pressure has is to blow the lighter elements out beyond the asteroid belt when the
solar system forms, which are gases such as hydrogen and helium, while the heavier elements
are too heavy to be blown out from the inside of the asteroid belt, allowing for the formation of
the terrestrial planets Venus, Earth, and Mars. The result is that our equation has the atomic
number of the heavier metals such as calcium for the Earth, while the equation for the giants has
the atomic numbers of the gasses. We write for these planets
6
So, for Jupiter we have (And again using the maximum orbital velocity which is at perihelion):
E = n
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
m
3
2h
2
n = 3
3(400.5986)(3.93E 30J ) = 2.7268585E 33J
2.7268585E33
2.7396E33
= 99.5 %
E =
Z
n
G
2
M
2
m
3
2
2
K E
j
=
1
2
(1.89813E 27kg)(13720m /s)
2
= 1.7865E 35J
E =
Z
H
5
(6.67408E 11)
2
(1.89813E 27kg)
2
(7.347673E 22kg)
3
2(2.8314E 33)
2
E =
Z
H
5
(3.971E 35J ) = Z
H
(1.776E 35J )
of 53 65
Jupiter is mostly composed of hydrogen gas, and secondly helium gas, so it is appropriate that
.
Our equation for Jupiter is
7
Where is the atomic number of hydrogen which is 1 proton, and for the orbital
number of Jupiter, . Now we move on to Saturn…
=
The equation for Saturn is then
8
It makes sense that Saturn would use Helium in the equation because Saturn is the next planet
after Jupiter and Jupiter uses hydrogen, and helium is the next element after hydrogen. As well,
just like Jupiter, Saturn is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium gas.
Our equation in this paper for the Earth orbit does not depend on the Moon’s distance from the
Earth, only its mass. The Moon slows the Earth rotation and this in turn expands the Moon’s
orbit, so it is getting larger, the Earth loses energy to the Moon. The Earth day gets longer by
0.0067 hours per million years, and the Moon’s orbit gets 3.78 cm larger per year. It is believed
the Moon came from a chunk knocked off the Earth from a collision with a Mars sized
protoplanet. At the time that the Moon formed it was about 4 Earth radii distant 4.5 billion
years ago. After 100 million years the Moon became tidally locked making its rotation period
equal to its orbital period keeping one face always towards the Earth. After 500 million years the
Moon was orbiting at about 20 Earth radii. It is believed that during the period of heavy
bombardment in a chaotic early solar system about 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago a large object did
a close pass pulling the Moon further changing its orbit giving it its 5 degree offset from the
Earth’s equator. Our wave equation solution may only use the Moon’s mass but the equation for
Z
H
=
1.7865E 35J
1.776E 35J
= 1.006pr oton s 1.0pr oton s = hydr ogen(H )
Z = Z
H
E =
Z
H
5
G
2
M
2
j
M
3
m
2
2
Z
H
n = 5
n = 5
K E
S
=
1
2
(5.683E 26kg)(10140m /s)
2
= 2.92E34J
E =
Z
6
(6.67408E 11)
2
(5.683E 26kg)
2
(7.347673E 22)
3
2(2.8314E 33)
2
Z
2.45
(3.5588E 34J ) = Z(1.45259E 34J )
Z(1.45259E 34J ) = (2.92E 34J )
Z = 2 proton s = Heliu m(He)
E =
Z
He
6
G
2
M
2
s
M
3
m
2
2
of 54 65
kinetic energy of the Moon to kinetic energy of the Earth times the Earth Day equal to about one
second:
Which we connect with the equation where the proton gives one second
This holds for when the Moon was at a distance from the Earth such that it appears the same
size as the Sun, which means:
Which is when the two equations above for one second connect to our wave equation solution to
the Earth
Because .
The Moon at its inclination to the Earth in its orbit makes life possible here because it holds the
Earth at its tilt to its orbit around the Sun allowing for the seasons so the Earth doesn’t get too
extremely hot or too extremely cold. We see the Moon may be there for a reason.
K E
moon
K E
earth
(Ear th Da y) = 1.08secon ds
1
6α
2
m
p
h 4π r
2
p
Gc
= 1.004996354secon ds
r
planet
r
moon
R
star
R
moon
K E
e
= n
R
R
m
G
2
M
2
e
M
3
m
2
2
R
star
R
moon
=
R
R
m
of 55 65
Modeling Habitable Star Systems
of 56 65
Modeling Habitable Star Systems
We want to solve a habitable planetary system in general and apply it to another star system. We
must include the solution of its moon as well, because the Moon of the Earth makes life
optimally possible. However, our Moon is counter-intuitive, it breaks all of the rules of the other
moons in our solar system. One is it has a low mass for its size. It has been said that it could be
hollow. Even suggested that it is a hollow-spacecraft put there to make life as we know it
possible. In our quantum theory for the solar system, we may have discovered the science of the
engineers who may have made the Moon, and we are possibly applying their science here. Our
quantum theory for the solar system also has a solar solution as compared to a lunar solution, so
it works for star systems in general.
The perfect star system to use for our purposes here would be Tau Ceti. Tau Ceti is a star
spectrally similar to the Sun and the closest of such a G-class star, at about 12 light years distant.
Its mass is 78% of the Sun’s. Its mass is
Its radius is:
And its luminosity is
It has several unconfirmed planets with one potentially in the habitable zone. It has been the
subject of science fiction literature. It is in the constellation Cetus. From Tau Ceti the Earth
would be seen to be in the northern hemisphere constellation Bootes with an apparent
magnitude of 2.6. It is spectral class G8 V where our Sun is G2 V.
For the luminosity of a main sequence star we only need to know the mass of the star to get its
luminosity:
1
This holds in solar masses and solar luminosities. The habitable zone of a star is given by
luminosity. If the star is 100 times brighter than our Sun, then the habitable zone is 10 times
further than the Earth is from the Sun by the inverse square law.
2
In astronomical units and solar luminosities. From we can get the orbital period in Earth
years:
3
We can get the radius of the Moon of the planet if we know the mass of the planet, :
M
s
= 0.783 + / 0.012M
R
s
= 0.793 + / 0.004R
L
s
= 0.488 + / 0.0010L
L = M
3.5
r
p
= L
s
r
p
T
2
p
= r
3
p
M
e
of 57 65
4
We want the mass of the Earth from the mass of the Sun. We would guess we can get it from the
mass of the Sun, the size of the Sun, and the base 60 sexagesimal system upon which we have
found everything is based. I find the relationship exists for the Earth:
5
(36)(5)=180=360/2 and 360/6=60 is base 60 sexagesimal. This gives
This is an accuracy of
We can get the orbital distance of the planet’s Moon from the planet:
6
Once we have that we can get the radius of the Moon of the planet
7
Now we can get the rotation period of the planet, its length of day:
8
Because the orbital velocity of the planets Moon is
9
We can use the the delocalization time get the moons mass, which is 1/2 the planets year, with
10 , See Appendix 1
2
R
R
m
M
e
M
= 1
M
e
=
5
6
2
M
R
2
r
2
e
M
e
= 0.13889(1.9891E 30kg)
6.96E8m
2
1.496E11m
2
= 5.979748E 24kg
5.972E 24
5.979748E 24
100 = 99.87 %
r
planet
r
moon
R
star
R
moon
2
R
R
m
M
e
M
= 1
Ear th Da y =
2r
e
v
m
M
m
M
3
v
m
=
GM
e
r
m
τ =
m
moon
(2r
moon
)
2
s
of 58 65
And the whole system is solved. Let us see how the theoretical luminosity appears with that
measured with equation 8.1:
It is close to the measured. The equation for predicting is approximate as the actual
values can vary a little with things like metallicity of the stars. Tau Ceti has low metallicity
compared to our Sun.
Lets find the orbital distance of the habitable planet if it exists with equation 2:
Lets find the orbital period of the habitable planet (Its year) with equation 3:
,
=
Lets get the mass of the habitable planet from equation 5:
=
Which is good because the planet, if it exists, is thought to be larger than the Earth. Lets get the
radius of its moon from equation 4:
=
Lets see at what distance it orbits the planet with equation 6:
L
s
= M
3.5
s
= 0.783
3.5
= 0.425L
0.448L
r
p
= 0.488 = 0.69857AU = (0.6986AU )(1.496E11m /AU ) = 1.045E11m eters
T
2
p
= r
3
p
T
2
p
= (0.69867AU )
3
T
p
= 0.584years(365.25d a ys)((24hrs)(60min)(60sec) = 1849638secon d s
(0.584)(365.25d a ys) = 213.306d a ys
M
p
=
5
36
M
s
R
2
s
r
2
p
M
s
= (0.783)(1.9891E 30kg) = 1.5575E 30kg
R
s
= (0.793)(6.96E8m) = 5.52 E 8m
M
p
=
5
36
(1.5575E 30kg)
(5.52E8m)
2
(1.045E11m)
2
= 6.036E 24kg
6.036E 24
5.972E 24
= 1.0107Ear th Ma sses
R
m
= 2R
s
M
p
M
s
2(5.52E8m)
(6.036E 24kg)
(1.5575E 30kg)
= 1.53656E6m =
1.53656E6m
1.7374E6m
= 0.8844Lun arRa dii
of 59 65
=
Lets get the orbital velocity of this moon with equation 9:
So the orbital period of the moon is:
=
Compared to that of the Earth which is 27.3 days for the sidereal month and is a 29.53day lunar
month. The Moon of Tau Ceti would have a slightly longer lunar month, too. Now we can
determine the rotation period of the planet which would be its day:
We get the mass of the moon from equation 10:
=
So the rotation period of the planet (Its Day) is from equation 8:
=
=
If the moon of Tau Ceti is to perfectly eclipse its star, like our Moon does with the Sun, to let its
inhabitants know that they are there for reason, and so as to theoretically be a condition for
optimizing life, then we have the following should hold:
r
moon
= r
planet
R
moon
R
star
= (1.045E11m)
1.53656E6m
5.52E8m
= 2.91E8m
2.91E8m
3.84E8m
= 0.7578L un arOrbital Ra dii
v
m
=
GM
p
r
m
=
(6.67408E 11)(6.0636E 24kg
2.91E8m
= 1,176.6m /s
T
m
=
2π r
m
v
m
=
2π (.91E8m)
1,176.6m /s
= 1.554E6secon d s
(1.554E6s)
min
60sec
h our
60mi n
d a y
24h ours
= 17.987d a ys
M
m
=
s
τ
4r
2
m
=
(2.8314E 33J s)(0.5)(18429638s)
4(2.91E 8m)
2
= 7.7E 22kg
7.7E 22kg
7.34763E 22kg
= 1.048Ear th Moon s
Pl a n et Da y =
2r
p
v
m
M
m
M
s
3
2(1.045E11m)
1,176.6m /s
7.7E 22kg
1.5575E 30kg
= 39495.61secon d s = 658.26min = 10.971h ours
10.971
24h ours
= 0.457Ear th Da ys
r
planet
r
moon
R
star
R
moon
of 60 65
We have
And it does hold. For the Earth/Moon/Sun system we get
For the Tau Ceti system the 359 is close to 360, which is a convenient amount of degrees into
which divide a circle, like we did. We see the Tau Cetians might do the same, because like us
they might choose the base 60 sexagesimal system of counting, and this 360 might influence the
way the inhabitants of a planet orbiting this star would make their calendar. Just like the 365
day year here on Earth corresponds closely to the 360 degrees of a circle. Aside from having here
on Earth the degree, we have gradians, of which there are 400 in a circle. They make it very easy
for computing right angles to a given angle. They are used more in Europe and in surveying and
architecture, though it might have some interesting connection with our 400=400.
The habitable planet of Tau Ceti would orbit it star with a period of 213 days, which would be its
year. It star is about 78% the mass of our Sun, and about 79% its size. Its habitable planet would
be a little larger than the Earth, but not much. Its Moon would be about 88% the size of our
moon, but a little bit more massive, but not much more massive. It would orbit Tau Ceti once
about every 18 days meaning there would be 11.833 months in the Tau Ceti Year, or about 12
months like we have. It would orbit the planet at about three quarters the distance ours does.
The day from sunrise to sunrise, or sunset to sunset would be about 11 hours, or close to half the
length of our day. This is if Tau Ceti was engineered for life, but it doesn’t have to have a planet
so optimally designed for life as ours. Our 24 hour day would be better for when entering the
realm of doing astronomy, because longer nights mean more complete observations of the
universe surrounding us than for the Tau Cetians. It may mean for the conditions for life to be
optimal, like here on Earth, the star would have to be as massive as the Sun, to provide a longer
year and a longer day. But we see here how the science of engineering planetary systems optimal
for life, might be done.
1.045E11m
2.91E8m
=
5.52E8m
1.53656E6m
359 = 359
400 = 400
of 61 65
Appendix 1
If we want to prove that our planetary Planck constant is correct, the delocalization time for the
Earth should be 6 months using it, the time for the Earth to travel the width of its orbit. We want
to solve the Schrödinger wave equation for a wave packet and use the most basic thing we can
which is a Gaussian distribution. We want to then substitute for Planck’s constant that is used
for quanta and atoms our Planck-type constant (h bar solar) for the Earth/Moon/Sun system
then apply it to predict the delocalization time for the Moon in its orbit with the Earth around
the Sun.
We consider a Gaussian wave-packet at t=0:
We say that is the delocalization length and decompose the wave packet with a Fourier
transform:
is the harmonics of the wave function. We use the identity that gives the integral of a
quadratic:
Solve the equation
With the initial condition
A plane wave is the solution:
Where,
The wave-packet evolves with time as
Calculate the Gaussian integral of
h
ψ (x,0) = Ae
x
2
2d
2
d
ψ (x,0) = Ae
x
2
2d
2
=
dp
2π
ϕ
p
e
i
px
ϕ
p
−∞
e
α
2
x+βx
d x =
π
α
e
β
2
4α
iℏ∂
t
ψ (x, t) =
p
2m
ψ (x, t)
ψ (x,0) =
dp e
p
2
d
2
2
2
e
i
px
e
i
( pxϵ ( p)t)
ϵ( p) =
p
2
2m
ψ (x, t) =
dp e
p
2
d
2
2
2
e
i
( px
p
2
2m
t)
dp
of 62 65
and
The solution is:
where
is the delocalization distance, which for instance could be the width of an atom. is the
delocalization time, the average time for say an electron to traverse the diameter of the atom and
even leave it, to delocalize. If we substitute for our , and say that the delocalization distance
is for the Moon, the width of the Earth orbit, we should get a half a year for the delocalization
time, the time for the Moon and Earth to traverse the diameter of their orbit around the Sun. We
have
Where is the mass of the Moon, and is the orbital radius of the Moon. We have
Now let’s compute a half a year…
(1/2)(365.25)(24)(60)(60)=15778800 seconds
So we see our delocalization time is very close to the half year over which the Earth and Moon
travel from one position to the opposite side of the Sun. The closeness is
Thus we know our is accurate, it continues to function in a theoretical framework. The thing
about this is that it means we can predict the mass of the Moon from the Earth year. In terms of
what we said earlier that the Moon allows for life by creating the seasons, holding the Earth at
its tilt to the Sun, so we don’t go through extreme heat and cold, this suggests the Moon has a
mass that follows from Earth orbit, which is the habitable zone of the Sun, the right distance for
water to exist as liquid, and thus could be as it is for a reason, which means life might be part of
a physical process throughout the Universe, that it unfolds naturally in the evolution of star
systems.
α
2
=
d
2
2
2
+
it
2m
β =
i x
ψ
2
= ex p
[
x
2
d
2
1
1 + t
2
/τ
2
]
τ =
m d
2
d
τ
τ =
m
moon
(2r
moon
)
2
m
moon
r
moon
τ = 4
(7.34767E 22kg)(3.844E8m)
2
2.8314E 33J s
= 15338227secon d s
15338227
15778800
100 = 97.2 %
of 63 65
Appendix 2: The Data For Verifying The Equations
(Proton Mass)
(Planck Constant)
(Proton Radius)
(Gravitational Constant)
(light speed)
(Fine Structure Constant)
Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds. Using the Moons orbital velocity at aphelion, and
Earth’s orbital velocity at perihelion we have:
m
P
: 1.67262 × 10
27
kg
h : 6.62607 × 10
34
J s
r
p
: 0.833 × 10
15
m
G: 6.67408 × 10
11
N
m
2
kg
2
c : 299,792,458m /s
α : 1/137
q
p
= q
e
= 1.6022E 19coulom bs
k
e
= 8.988E 9
Nm
2
C
2
K E
moon
=
1
2
(7.347673E 22kg)(966m /s)
2
= 3.428E 28J
K E
earth
=
1
2
(5.972E 24kg)(30,290m /s)
2
= 2.7396E 33J
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